![]() ![]() ![]() The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state. ![]() Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. The expanding Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468, followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Songhai in 1591. Besides being an economic powerhouse, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a renowned place of learning with its university, one of the oldest in the world still active. Mali was also one of the wealthiest countries on earth, and its emperor at its zenith, Mansa Musa, is believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa, covering an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of the continent. Present-day Mali was once part of three extremely powerful and wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. The country is also known for its exports of salt. Mali was home to the man reputed to be the richest man who has ever lived, known as Mansa Musa. One of Mali's most prominent natural resources is gold, and the country is the third largest producer of gold on the continent of Africa. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining. The country's southern part is in the Sudanian savanna, where the majority of inhabitants live, and both the Niger and Senegal rivers pass through. The sovereign state of Mali consists of nineteen regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert. 67% of its population was estimated to be under the age of 25 in 2017. The country is bordered on the north by Algeria, on the east by Niger, on the south by Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire, and on the west by Guinea and Senegal. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi). Mali ( / ˈ m ɑː l i/ ( listen) French pronunciation: ), officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. ![]()
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